Grass widows: Weeding strawberry fields in the Ribatejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: Elderly woman clearing a tobacco irrigation canal in the Alentejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: Lunch break during grape harvest in the Ribatejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: Woman eating water melon during lunch break in the Ribatejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fie

Grass widows: Woman farmworker's shoes in a tobacco field, Alentejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: The end of a working day harvesting tomatoes and peppers, Ribatejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: Women going home after a day harvesting tomatoes and peppers. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.

Grass widows: Ghost village in the Alentejo. Annual emigration from Portugal rose from 30,000–35,000 in the 1980s to around 110,000 in 2013. Men make up the majority of those leaving. The social effects include an ageing population and a disproportionate number of women. In some areas, villages resemble ghost towns where only women work in the fields. They are called 'grass widows’: their husbands are generally alive but living abroad.