A Warao child tries to get his father's attention at a shelter housing Venezuelan indigenous refugees in Manaus.

Ludimar Kokama, 40, vice-coordinator of COPIME (Council of Indigenous Peoples of Greater Manaus) delivers 'cestas básicas', basic necessity kits for needy families up to their riverine indigenous community known as Terra Preta, several hours from Manaus city center by slow boat, as the pandemic disrupts their local economy.

Volunteers and members of COPIME wait on their chartered riverboat for permission before delivering supplies to needy indigenous communities in the greater Manaus area.

Kisipa Apurinã is an indigenous language teacher. Before the pandemic she ran a small school behind her mother's house in a poor neighbourhood in the East Zone of Manaus. The city pays her R$1800 a month ($335), but much of that she uses to pay for materials and snack for the children, many of whom don't get three meals a day.

A young Kokama girl watches her mother prepare a hard-shelled river fish, Bodó, for a feast celebrating the "Divine Holy Spirit" in the aldeia Karouara in the northeastern edge of the city of Manaus. In traditional Kokama culture, women are expected to learn how to cook, clean and care for children as their principle function once reaching adulthood, while the men primarily hunt. City life and exposure to western european customs is challenging the traditional gender roles of Kokama society while also threatening the extinction of traditional beliefs and customs.

(L) An installation depicting an indigenous forest deity, the "sacred soil guardian" in a dilapidated state park in the middle of Manaus. (R) Maira "Jûgoa" Dessano, 22, started a social media channel where she showcases traditional artwork, body painting, crafts, and dance to the outside world. It's been one year since her tiny community established an internet connection via satellite. "It makes me happy when people ask me about my culture. I feel proud."

The dry igarapé (river stream) below the bairro Glória, one of the oldest in the city of Manaus, which gets its name from a pre-European indigenous community known as 'Manaós', which means "mother of the gods".

Veronica Mura, 23, came with her family from the interior to Manaus at four years old, only identifying as indigenous after her family settled in the Sol Nascente "occupation". The community is under the control of traffickers and suffers from problems related to alcoholism and drug addiction. She was studying nursing before the pandemic came, now she works as a caretaker for the elderly. "I used to work in mental health. Here there's lots of fights, unemployment, but I had to stop. It was voluntary and I had to work. I have a child to feed."

Josefa Texeira dos Santos, 30, of the Mura people wearing traditional body paint made from crushed genipapo seeds. In traditional Mura culture only men can be warriors and same-sex couples are banished from the community. In the indigenous village Ipixuna in Manaus, home to various ethnicities, Josefa and her partner live freely as female warriors.

A portrait of Fortunato Sampaio da Silva, from his army days. He is a member of the Kokama tribe, a warrior people, and like many of his relatives entered the armed services in his small Amazonian municipality on the borders with Peru and Colombia, for employment and a better life.

Xytara Apurinã discovered her indigenous heritage as an adult. Her father was "ashamed" to teach her their traditional language story and culture, a product of the Brazil's church-administered education system in the Amazon that sought to assimilation. Now the cacique (chief) of her own small community in the working-class east end of Manaus, she runs an indigenous language and culture school behind her house, along with her daughter, Kisipa, who teaches the language her mother never learned to speak. "People ask 'how did you become indian?', and I say that I always was, I just didn't know."

A school boat in the Três Unidos indigenous community of Manaus waits for schools to reopen after being closed due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Amazon river fish being prepared for an evening meal, Rio Negro, near Manaus.

Residents carry 'cestas básicas', basic food kits for needy families to the indigenous community known as Terra Preta, several hours from Manaus city center by slow boat on the Rio Negro.

(L) Chief Domingues of the Dessano people represents the residents of the indigenous community of Sol Nascente in the troubled east zone of Manaus. The occupation was recently taken over by drug traffickers and Domingues was forced out of the house he built over seven years. Leaders who oppose the gang's demands are often executed, with seven murdered in 2019 alone. Before the pandemic, cacique Domingues taught his language and culture to children. "Some kids would come here for a snack, and in exchange I would teach them, now they are without this food, families here are very poor, it hits you hard when a small child asks if you have any extra rice because his mother says her cupboards are empty." (R) A canoe in the Rio Negro, near Manaus.

Chief and 'pajé' (medicine man) Elisario Kokama, in front of his home in central Manaus. After bringing his young family to the city in search of a better life, he continued to practice as an indigenous healer, like his father before him. Through COPIME, he hopes to one day see traditional medicine recognized as a right by city health authorities.

A billboard in central Manaus claiming that Amazonas state is 'with Bolsonaro', signed "Bolsonarist doctors...God, Family, and Country."

Young indigenous girls play a video game on a mother's cellphone. Life in the city means easier access to high-speed internet and social media and the effect on indigenous society and culture remains to be seen.

(L) Marcivana Sateré-Mawé, coordinator of COPIME, celebration of life one year after her late colleague and indigenous leader, Humberto Peixoto, 37, was murdered by traffickers who were disputing control over territory in the Cemetério dos Índios community in northern Manaus. (R) A Christmas tree in the 'oca', communal center of the Ipixuna occupation in the industrial district of the capital.

Fortunato Sampaio da Silva, 53, of the Kokama people. He lives in the Cemetério dos Índios community and has many jobs previous to living there. But he is currently unemployed, having to take care of his son who has a neurological condition, and his wife who suffers from Rheumatoid arthritis. He can't afford their medicine, because they live illegally in the occupation and therefore don't qualify for public medical insurance.

Residents inspect the remains of burial urns buried by pre-colonial indigenous peoples in what is now known as the Cemetério dos Indíos (Indian Cemetery). The community of mostly indigenous peoples are squatting on the archaeological site in order to gain ownership of the area and rights to housing but the neighbourhood has since been taken over by the drug traffickers, making legalization even more difficult.

The community Ipixuna, an indigenous housing occupation in the middle of Manaus' industrial district.

(L) Harvested manioc root from the community garden in the village Ipixuna in the industrial district of Manaus. The lack of forested area within city makes it difficult for indigenous communities to continue their tradition of forest agriculture and living in close proximity to nature. (R) Fortunato Kokama, 52, struggles to sit his son, Klison da Silva, 25, so he can be fed. Da Silva has was born with a severe neurological condition which makes him unable to care for himself.

Cacique (chief) João Marcos of the Aldeia (village) Ipixuna, an indigenous land occupation in the Industrial District on the eastern edge of Manaus. Chief Marcos' primary responsibility is to make sure residents have running water and electricity, both of which are hooked up to an illegal clandestine network.

COPIME Coordinator Marcivana Sateré-Mawé (left) confirms with Três Unidos chief Valdimir Kambeba that every family has received its care package, donated by COPIME via donations from Greenpeace Brasil and COIAB, the pan-Amazon Brazilian indigenous NGO.